1. following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville. "All students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years, several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers. Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem." Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
Centerville高中的所有学生都应该被要求参加驾驶员教育课程。在过去两年中， Centerville周围有几起交通事故涉及了青少年驾驶者。由于Centerville的一些家长抱怨说他们太忙没有时间教他们的孩子驾驶，必须有一些其他的课程来保证这些孩子成为安全的驾驶者。尽管在Centerville已经有两所驾校，手头不宽裕的家长无法负担驾校学费。因此由学校组织的有效的强制性课程是解决这一严重问题的唯一方案。
1> 涉及了青少年不代表是青少年或者该校学生的驾驶责任，可能是他人在驾驶，造成的事故中有学生和青少年，或者是由于其他的原因造成的事故，和驾驶本身没有太大的关联> 例如天气，地形，特殊情况。
2> 一些家长具体是多少?学校组织类似的课程也是需要钱的，如果投资太多的话可能学校也是无法承担。
3>这些课程学生到底愿不愿意，是否必要，可能学生都已经很熟练的驾驶了。
4>为什么得是所有学生，有的学生可能根本就不想开车。
2. following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company. "Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a 500-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read would cost Acme only $500 per employee—a small price to pay when you consider the benefits. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, to improve productivity, Acme should require all of our employees to take the Easy Read course." Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the advice and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the advice.
很多其他公司最近指出他们的员工参加了Easy Read的速读课程之后生产效率显著提高。这个课程的一名毕业生能够在两个小时之内读完长达500页的报告，另一名毕业生在一年内从助理经理上升到了副总裁。显然，你的阅读速度越快，在一天之内所能吸收的信息就越多。而且， Easy Read的学费只有每人500元，当考虑到它给Acme带来的效益的时候这就是个小数目。这个费用包括在Spruce City举行的为期三周的研讨会和Easy Read新闻刊物的终生赠阅。显然， Acme通过要求所有员工参加Easy Read的课程将会极大地受益。Easy Read Speed-Reading Course, Publishing Company 论断： A 让所有员工参加快速阅读课程会收获很大。因为很多其它工司说他们参加这个课程的员工生产力提高很大，这个课程的一个毕业生两个小时里能五百页的报告，另一个毕业生在一年之内就从经理助理升到了副总裁。显然，读得越快，你一个工作日里获得的信息就越多。另外这个课程花费只有五百元，这与从其受到的利比是非常低的。它包括在云杉城三个星期的课程和一生的快速阅读新闻信。
1>前提收获大，证据有问题。首先，两个人的例子不说明问题，这个课程的大多数学员怎么样?第二五百页那人，看的是什么内容，又记住了多少。第三当副总的那人，他升职的原因可能跟阅读完全没有关系。
2>前提，对我们是否有用。公司不同，员工不同，工作内容不同。如果我们的员工阅读已经很好了，就不用了吧。
3>结论：有用也不用所有人都去呀，还有一些岗位根本用不着快速阅读。而且还得要员工都带薪放三个星期的假。
3. Workers in the small town of Leeville take fewer sick days than workers in the large city of Masonton, 50 miles away. Moreover, relative to population size, the diagnosis of stress-related illness is proportionally much lower in Leeville than in Masonton. According to the Leeville Chamber of Commerce, these facts can be attributed to the health benefits of the relatively relaxed pace of life in Leeville. Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
现有证据表明，在小城市的悠闲生活方式比在大城市快节奏的生活更有利于健康和长寿。小城镇Leeville 的商业行业所上报的员工病假天数比邻近大城市 Mason 要少。而且， Leeville 每千人只有一名医生，而 Mason 市医生的比例是 Leeville 的五倍。 Leeville 居的平均年龄显著高于 Mason 居。这些数据表明寻求更健康更长寿生活的人应该考虑移居到小型社区。
1> 前提，小镇居民身体好。病假没意义，别忘了有人 goldbrick 称病偷懒。小镇居民不需要医生。没证据，医生少可能医生不够，小镇的人还得跑大老远去找医生。而城市里医生多，很方便。
2> 前提，小镇居民长寿。值得怀疑，小镇可能经常会有退休的老人去居住，大城市里都是忙碌的年轻人。
3> 结论：去哪里生活还有很多因素限制，又想长寿和健康，又想事业有成，就得权衡权衡了。
4. The following appeared in a memo at XYZ company. "When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating résumés and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine." Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
当 XYZ 裁员的时候，它雇佣了 Delany 人事公司在这些下岗员工有需要的时候为他们在写简历和提高面试技巧方面提供帮助。下岗员工从 Delany 的服务中极大受益：去年获得了 Delany 帮助的员工找工作比没有找 Delany 的员工快的多。最近，有提案提出用收费较少的 Walsh 人事公司代替 Delany。这将是一个错误，因为在 8 年前， XYZ 使用的就是 Walsh，我们当时裁减的员工只有一半在一年之内找到了工作。而且， Delany 显然更好，理由是它的员工更多，分支机构也更多。不论如何，去年Delany 的客户平均用六个月找到工作，而 Walsh 的客户平均用了 9 个月。
1> 前提， W不好。论据用的八年前，八年，够发生很多事情了。另外，被裁掉的员工的状况也应该考虑进去，也许以前我们裁员的标准非常严格，非常不合格的才裁掉。不像现在公司可能状况不好，挺好的员工也给裁了。而且两个公司给安排的工作质量上可能差了很多
2> 前提， D好。首先人多机构多不代表效率高服务好，反而可能会增加成本。第二员工的经历，不可否认，接受这项服务的人会比不接受的人有更强烈的马上找到工作的愿望。所以找的时候，会比别人格外卖力。最后，顾客平均找工作的时间，工作性质、顾客能力都会影响。
3> 结论，既然W便宜，可能公司最近是不是财政紧张。若是换换也行，总比没有强吧。
5. In a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens conducted by the University of Waymarsh, most respondents said that they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a second study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Waymarsh was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits. Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
在一次由 Leeville 大学所举行的关于 Leeville 居阅读习惯的调查中，多数被访者说他们倾向于阅读古典文学。然而，由相同的研究人员随后进行的调查发现 Leeville 所有公共图书馆中最经常被借阅的书是神秘小说。因此，我们可以得出结论，第一次调查的被访者错误地表达了他们的阅读习惯
1> 古典文学里有很多都是神话小说。奥德赛，希望神话都是古典小说。
2> 公共图书馆不是唯一的书源。可以买，可以去私人图书馆。有可能是因为公共图书馆里古典小说藏量不丰富，或是神话小说过多而造成的。人们只是顺便借来看看。
3> 第二次研究时间多长，有可能只是暂时现象。比如流行。
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